Most of us receive numerous vaccinations from our early childhood to protect against various diseases. Recently, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have received one or more vaccinations. In addition to COVID-19, many individuals regularly get vaccinated against diseases like the flu and pneumonia. While some individuals may not fall ill without vaccinations, those with compromised immune systems or in older age groups are strongly recommended to receive vaccinations. We are familiar with vaccines for diseases like the flu and pneumonia, but what about other vaccinations?
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus, and when it progresses, it can lead to severe liver conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is primarily transmitted through infected individuals’ blood or bodily fluids, making vaccination highly advisable. Typically, infants receive this vaccination, but in some cases, individuals may not develop antibodies even after vaccination. Once they have confirmed the presence of antibodies, healthy adults usually have lifelong immunity due to the memory function of immune cells, making additional vaccinations unnecessary.
Chickenpox-Shingles
Chickenpox-Shingles occurs when the varicella-zoster virus, which resides in nerve ganglia within the body, becomes active after a latent period. It manifests with rashes and blistering, accompanied by pain and fatigue. It often affects adults aged 60 and older or individuals with underlying health conditions. Vaccination in your 60s provides significant preventive benefits, and the protection lasts for approximately five years. Compared to other vaccinations, this one may have a higher cost.
Tetanus
Tetanus results from toxins produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria that enter the body through wounds, especially those contaminated with soil, rust, or wood splinters. The neurotoxin affects nerve cells, leading to muscle stiffness, pain, fever, and chills. More than 80% of tetanus cases result in generalized muscle stiffness and have a high mortality rate. Tetanus vaccinations are administered to newborns and infants. Even if there is a prior vaccination history, a booster shot is needed every ten years.
Cervical Cancer (HPV)
Cervical cancer is a preventable cancer through vaccination. It is among the top five cancers affecting women today. Over 99.7% of cervical cancer patients are infected with high-risk HPV. Cervical cancer vaccines prevent infections by these HPV types. In South Korea, vaccines are categorized into 2-valent, 4-valent, and 9-valent based on the types of viruses they prevent. The most effective time for vaccination is before the onset of sexual activity. Contrary to the misconception that only females should receive this vaccination, it benefits both males and females who engage in sexual activity.
Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis is an acute central nervous system disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus, transmitted by infected female mosquitoes. Symptoms include high fever, headache, and weakness, which can progress to confusion and even coma. About 30% of severe cases result in death. Vaccination is recommended for infants and young children, and depending on the type, it may require 2 or 3 doses spaced apart to provide adequate protection. Given the absence of specific treatments for Japanese encephalitis, vaccination is crucial.
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
MMR vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. Measles is highly contagious, with more than 90% of contacts developing symptoms. Swollen salivary glands and jaw pain characterize mumps, while rubella causes lymph node swelling and rash. These diseases can have severe complications and are highly infectious. The first dose is usually administered after 12 months, and a second dose is given before elementary school entry if the first dose is ineffective.
Meningococcal Infection
Meningococcal infections are acute infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets or secretions. Symptoms include headaches, fever, and, in severe cases, impaired consciousness. This disease has a high fatality rate and affects those with compromised immune systems, splenectomy patients, or those in epidemic areas. Vaccination is not included in the national vaccination program and is administered following consultation with a healthcare provider.
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. In South Korea, it peaks from November to March. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. It can quickly spread even before symptoms appear. Infants receive two or three doses at 2-month intervals, depending on the type. The vaccination is crucial to prevent severe rotavirus infections.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium and is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Not everyone infected becomes ill; only 10% develop the disease. These cases usually occur within 1-2 years or when the immune system is compromised. Tuberculosis vaccines, such as the BCG vaccine, are typically administered to infants within four weeks of birth. While they don’t prevent infection, they help contain the spread of the disease.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus, mainly transmitted through contaminated food and water. It often presents as acute hepatitis with symptoms like fever, vomiting, fatigue, and jaundice. Vaccination against hepatitis A is recommended for individuals aged two years and older. It is categorized as a mandatory vaccination in South Korea.
By. Oh Hye-In (press@daily.co.kr)
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