During winter, when the air becomes drier, many people experience symptoms of dry eye syndrome. However, if a dry mouth and widespread pain accompany dry eyes, it may be a sign of Sjögren’s syndrome rather than simple dryness. Named after Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjögren, who first described the condition in 1933, this chronic autoimmune disease is relatively unknown, making it easy to overlook. However, if left untreated, it can lead to complications, requiring careful attention.
Not related to seasonal factors
The number of Sjögren’s syndrome patients has been steadily increasing. Over the past decade, cases have doubled, with the highest prevalence observed in women in their 40s and 50s. Sjögren’s syndrome affects not only the salivary and tear glands but can also cause various health issues, such as arthritis and lung disease, making an accurate diagnosis and treatment essential.
Key symptoms: Dry eyes and mouth
The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome are dry eyes and mouth. Patients often experience eye fatigue, redness, and a burning sensation, which can lead to corneal damage. Decreased saliva production can make swallowing dry foods and speaking for extended periods difficult. Some may notice swollen salivary glands or an increase in dental cavities.
Often accompanied by arthritis
Interestingly, about half of Sjögren’s syndrome patients also have arthritis. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, however, it does not lead to bone erosion. Approximately 10% of patients develop skin symptoms such as erythema nodosum, vitiligo, or hair loss. In some cases, airway dryness can lead to conditions such as interstitial pneumonia.
An autoimmune disorder
Sjögren’s syndrome is classified as an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues. In this case, lymphocytes infiltrate exocrine glands, such as the tear, salivary, sebaceous, and digestive glands, reducing secretion and causing various health issues.
Genetic factors play a major role
Women are about nine times more likely to develop Sjögren’s syndrome than men. The most common cause is genetic predisposition, meaning it often runs in families. The higher prevalence in women suggests that female hormones like estrogen may play a role. The condition is also associated with immunological imbalances related to acquired infections.
Diagnosis: More than just symptoms
Diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome is not straightforward. It requires more than just identifying dry symptoms. Doctors conduct blood tests to check for associated conditions and assess symptom severity. The diagnostic criteria include evaluating dry eye and mouth symptoms and testing for serum autoantibodies. A diagnosis is made when a patient meets a certain number of these criteria.
Warning signs of Sjögren’s syndrome
People should suspect Sjögren’s syndrome if they experience dry eyes for over three months, have difficulty eating without drinking water, or struggle to speak for long periods. If left untreated, the disease can lead to severe complications, such as interstitial pneumonia, which causes lung scarring, or interstitial nephritis, which can result in kidney failure. Older individuals are at higher risk of developing complications, making early diagnosis crucial.
Middle-aged individuals should seek prompt medical attention
While Sjögren’s syndrome can occur at any age, it’s most common among women in their 40s and 50s. Like other autoimmune disorders, it’s not curable, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms. Because it can significantly impact daily life, early treatment is necessary to prevent the condition from becoming chronic.
Difficult to prevent
Sjögren’s syndrome is difficult to prevent, so treatment focuses on regulating the immune system and helping patients adopt appropriate lifestyle habits. To avoid excessive dryness in the mouth, patients should drink water frequently. On windy days, they should avoid going outside or wear sunglasses to protect their eyes. Caffeine intake should be minimized while hydration is increased to maintain oral health. Chewing gum or sucking on candy can also stimulate saliva production.
Treatment aims to reduce dryness
Once the condition is diagnosed, the primary goal of treatment is to alleviate the discomfort caused by dryness. Artificial tears, lubricating eye drops, or ointments can be used for severe dry eyes. Moisturizers should be applied to dry skin, and proper indoor humidity is recommended. If a patient is taking medications such as antidepressants or antihistamines, which may worsen dryness, consulting a specialist is necessary.
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